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Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), also termed ''body dysmorphia'' or ''dysmorphic syndrome'', but originally termed ''dysmorphophobia'', is a mental disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation that some aspect of one's own appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it. In BDD's delusional variant, the flaw is imagined.〔 If the flaw is actual, its importance is severely exaggerated.〔 Either way, one's thoughts about it are pervasive and intrusive, occupying up to several hours a day. The ''DSM-5'' categorizes BDD in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum, and distinguishes it from anorexia nervosa.
A fairly common mental disorder, affecting some 1.7% to 2.4% of the population, BDD usually starts during adolescence, and affects men and women roughly equally. (The BDD subtype muscle dysmorphia, concerned with perceived smallness, is rare among females.)〔Timothy M Baghurst, "Muscle dysmorphia", in Justine J Reel, ed, ''Eating Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Causes, Treatment, and Prevention'' (Santa Barbara CA, 2013), (p 287 ).〕 Besides thinking about it, one repetitively checks and compares the perceived flaw, and can adopt unusual routines to avoid social contact that exposes it.〔 Fearing the stigma of vanity, one usually hides the preoccupation itself.〔 Commonly unsuspected even by psychiatrists, BDD has been severely underdiagnosed.〔 Severely impairing quality of life via educational and occupational dysfunction and social isolation, BDD involves especially high rates of suicide and suicidal ideation.〔
==History==
In 1886, Enrico Morselli reported a disorder that he termed ''dysmorphophobia''. In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association recognized the disorder in the third edition of its ''DSM''—the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders''—while identifying it as a somatoform disorder. The manual's 1987 revision switched the term to ''body dysmorphic disorder''. Published in 1994, ''DSM''s fourth edition defines BDD as a preoccupation with an imagined or trivial defect in appearance, a preoccupation causing clinically significant distress or dysfunction—socially, occupationally, or educationally—and not better explained as another disorder, such as anorexia nervosa. Published in 2013, the ''DSM-5'' shifts BDD to a new category, ''obsessive–compulsive spectrum'', adds operational criteria, such as repetitive behaviors or mental acts, and notes the subtype muscle dysmorphia: perceiving one's body as too small or insufficiently muscular or lean.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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